What are extreme temperatures? 

Extreme temperatures refer to temperature variations above (extreme heat) or below (extreme cold) normal conditions.  Extreme temperatures impact health, agriculture, transportation systems, infrastructure systems.  On their own they can be managed, but in combination with other hazards such as Power Outages or Severe Weather, they can be deadly. 

To learn more about extreme temperatures, please choose from the following options. 

Extreme Heat
Extreme Cold

Cold weather injuries

Protecting your home from extreme cold

Space Heater Safety

Extreme Heat

Extreme Heat Related Illnesses

According to Public Safety Canada, heat-related illnesses occur when the body cannot cool itself efficiently, leading to a range of health problems. These illnesses can develop when the body is exposed to high temperatures for too long, especially during heatwaves.

Here are some common heat-related illnesses:

1. Heat Cramps: These are painful muscle cramps that can occur during heavy exercise or physical activity in hot weather. They are often caused by a loss of salt and moisture through sweating.
2. Heat Exhaustion: This occurs when the body loses too much water and salt, usually through excessive sweating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, and headache. If not treated, heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke.
3. Heat Stroke: This is the most severe form of heat-related illness and is considered a medical emergency. It happens when the body's temperature rises rapidly, and it can no longer regulate itself. Symptoms include a high body temperature, confusion, rapid pulse, and possibly unconsciousness. Heat stroke can be life-threatening if not treated immediately.
4. Heat Rash: This is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating during hot, humid weather. It appears as red clusters of pimples or small blisters.

Public Safety Canada emphasizes the importance of staying cool, hydrated, and aware of the signs of heat-related illnesses, especially during heatwaves.

Extreme heat is becoming a bigger health risk in Canada for several reasons:

1. Warming Climate: The Earth's climate is getting warmer, which leads to more frequent and intense heatwaves. This means even places like Canada, which aren't used to extreme heat, are now experiencing it more often
2. Cities Get Hotter: Cities tend to be hotter than rural areas because buildings and roads trap heat. This makes heatwaves in urban areas even worse
3. Vulnerable People: Some groups of people, like the elderly, those with health problems, and those with low incomes, are more at risk during extreme heat. As heatwaves become more common, these groups are more likely to get sick or die from the heat
4. Not Ready for Heat: In some parts of Canada, buildings and infrastructure aren't built to handle extreme heat, so they don't keep people cool enough during heatwaves

Who is most at risk during Extreme Heat?

According to Public Safety Canada and Health Canada, the following groups are most at risk during extreme heat:

1. Seniors (Older Adults): People over 65 are more at risk because their bodies don't cool down as easily as they get older. They might also have health problems that get worse in the heat
2. Babies and Young Children: Little kids, especially babies, are more vulnerable because their bodies can't cool down as well, and they need others to help keep them safe from the heat
3. People with Health Issues: Those who have ongoing health problems, like heart or lung diseases, diabetes, or mental health issues, are more likely to get sick from the heat. Some medications can also make it harder for them to stay cool
4. People with Disabilities: Individuals with physical or mental disabilities may find it harder to stay cool or may not notice when they're getting too hot
5. People Taking Certain Medications: Some medicines can make it harder for the body to stay cool or hydrated, putting people at greater risk during a heatwave
6. Outdoor Workers: People who work outside, like construction workers or farmers, are more at risk because they spend long hours in the heat
7. Low-Income Individuals: People with less money might not have air conditioning or live in homes that stay too hot, making it difficult for them to stay cool
8. Homeless Individuals: Those without stable housing are more exposed to the heat and may not have access to cool places
9. People Living Alone: Individuals who live by themselves might not have someone to check on them during a heatwave, which can be dangerous, especially for older adults or those with health problems
10. Pets: Pets are also at risk in extreme heat because they can't cool down as easily as humans. They rely on their owners to keep them safe, so make sure they have plenty of water, shade, and never leave them in a hot car

These groups, including pets, are more likely to get sick from the heat, so it's important to make sure they get the help and care they need when the weather gets extremely hot


BEFORE

• Watch for Heat Alerts and Warnings: Pay attention to alerts about extreme heat events through the WeatherCAN app or Hello Weather
• Prepare Emergency Kits: Stock your kit with essential items and learn easy preparation steps.
• Create an Emergency Plan: Plan for extreme heat, considering the needs of all household members, including pets
• Arrange Check-Ins: Have family, friends, or neighbors check on you regularly during extreme heat
• Use Local Resources: Check with your local government for cooling centers, extended pool hours, or transportation services
• Know you Health Risks: It is important to know how extreme heat can affect you. Ask you doctor about about medications or conditions that increase your risk
  • Recognize the sympotims of heat related illness (Heat Stoke or Exhaustion) and what to do if you or someone is experiencing signs and or symptoms
  • Monitor conditions and be cautious of heat combined with humidity, wildfire smoke, and sun exposure
• Prepare your home 
  • Check AC or Heat Pump: Ensure your air conditioner or heat pump is working properly
  • Have fans to move cool air around
  • Cool Alternatives: Use curtains, blinds, or awnings to block the sun and open windows if it's cooler outside (while considering air quality)
  • Make ice and have jugs of water on hand
  • Use Cooling Centers: Visit public cooling centers or air-conditioned spaces if your home gets too hot
  • Ventilate at Night: Open windows at night if safe to benefit from cooler temperatures

DURING

• Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water.
• Dress Appropriately: Wear loose clothing, a hat, and apply sunscreen (SPF 30+).
• Stay Cool: Remain indoors or in shady areas; visit cool places like air-conditioned stores or libraries.
• Avoid Overexertion: Refrain from strenuous outdoor activities.
• Manage Indoor Temperature: Close curtains during the day and use fans at night.
• Cool Off: Take cool showers, baths, or use wet cloths.
• Check on Others: Look after vulnerable individuals such as infants, seniors, and neighbors.
• Know the Signs: Watch for heat stroke symptoms and seek medical help or call 911 if needed.

AFTER

• Cool Down: Allow your body to gradually return to normal temperature by staying in a cool environment and drinking water.
• Ventilate Your Home: Open windows and use fans to help cool down your living space if it was very hot during the event.
• Check for Damage: Inspect your home for any damage from the heat, such as issues with your cooling system or heat-related damage.
• Assess Health: Monitor yourself and others for any lingering health effects from the heat. Seek medical attention if you experience any ongoing symptoms.
• Review Preparedness: Evaluate how well your preparation and response worked and make improvements for future heat events.
• Stay Informed: Keep up with any updates or alerts related to ongoing weather conditions and continue to educate yourself on heat safety.

The Early Notification for Extreme Heat is issued by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) or provincial health departments, when a significant heat event is expected. The timing of this notification can vary depending on the region and the severity of the forecasted heat.

Here’s a general overview:

1. Advance Warning: The notification is usually issued several days before the expected heatwave to give people enough time to prepare. This might be 48 to 72 hours before the extreme heat is expected to begin.
2. Criteria: The notification is based on specific criteria, such as expected high temperatures that are well above normal for that region and sustained for an extended period (e.g., two or more days).
3. Targeted Communication: The early notification is aimed at vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, those with chronic illnesses, young children, and outdoor workers, to encourage them to take precautions.
4. Information Provided: The notification typically includes information about expected temperatures, the duration of the heatwave, health risks, and recommended actions to stay safe (e.g., staying hydrated, seeking cool environments, checking on vulnerable individuals).

These notifications are an important part of public health efforts to minimize the impact of extreme heat events.


Nova Scotia’s Heat Alert and Response System
Heat alerts will be issued through the Heat Alert and Response System to inform Nova Scotians and community response partners when a heat event is coming. The new system is a partnership between Environment and Climate Change Canada, Health Canada, and the Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness.

Heat warnings will be issued to inform the public when air temperature and humidex are above defined criteria so that they can take action to protect themselves from the risks associated with extreme heat.

In Nova Scotia, the criteria for issuing a Heat Warning typically follow guidelines set by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). A Heat Warning is issued when the forecasted temperatures or humidex values (which combine temperature and humidity) are expected to reach dangerous levels for at least two consecutive days.

Specific Criteria:

1. Temperature: The daytime maximum temperature is expected to reach or exceed 29°C.
2. Humidex: The humidex value, which reflects the perceived temperature when humidity is factored in, is expected to reach or exceed 36°C.
3. Duration: These conditions must be expected to persist for at least two days.

These criteria are designed to alert the public to potentially dangerous heat conditions, helping people take precautions to protect their health and safety.

Extreme Cold

Winters in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, can be harsh, with temperatures frequently dropping well below freezing. Residents face these conditions every year while commuting, working outdoors, or enjoying winter activities. However, extreme cold can quickly become dangerous—and even life-threatening—if precautions aren’t taken.

Exposure to extreme cold can lead to serious health risks, such as frostbite and hypothermia. Frostbite causes damage to the skin and underlying tissue, while hypothermia occurs when the body’s core temperature drops to a dangerously low level. Both conditions can become life-threatening without proper care. Infants, the elderly, and individuals without adequate clothing or shelter are especially vulnerable.

In Nova Scotia, extreme cold often means temperatures plunging far below freezing, combined with strong winds that amplify the cold through wind chill. These conditions can cause pipes to freeze and burst in homes that are not properly insulated or heated, creating additional challenges for residents.

Preparing for extreme cold is essential to staying safe. By understanding the risks and taking simple preventative measures, you can protect yourself, your loved ones, and your property from the dangers of Annapolis County’s winter weather.

WIND CHILL AND ITS HAZARDS

In Nova Scotia, as in much of Canada, the combined effect of cold temperatures and wind speed is known as the "wind chill." This term refers to how cold the air feels on exposed skin when wind is factored in. Essentially, it reflects the air temperature that would result in the same sensation on the skin as a specific combination of air temperature and wind speed.

Wind chill is used to estimate how the cold will affect the body and helps to guide decisions on proper clothing to wear during cold conditions. As the wind increases, it carries heat away from the body more quickly, lowering both the skin and internal body temperature, which increases the risk of frostbite and hypothermia.

In Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) provides a Wind Chill Temperature Index to help estimate the effects of wind chill based on temperature and wind speed. The guidelines are designed to protect all individuals, including the young and elderly, who are exposed to the cold. Keep in mind that cold stress, including frostbite and hypothermia, can be life-threatening, especially for vulnerable groups.

It’s important to know that the impact of wind chill can vary by location and situation. In the northern parts of Canada, extreme cold often means temperatures well below zero, which can pose serious health risks. As wind speeds increase, it becomes even more critical to protect yourself from the cold.

Understanding Wind Chill

The best way to avoid the dangers of wind chill is to check the weather forecast before heading outside and to dress appropriately. Wind chill values below -27 increase the risk of frostbite significantly. Environment Canada bases its wind chill forecasts on conditions experienced in open areas, so taking shelter from the wind can greatly reduce this effect. However, the temperature alone can still cause discomfort and health risks.

Who is Most at Risk?

While anyone unprepared for the cold is at risk, some groups are more vulnerable to frostbite and hypothermia:

• Homeless individuals
• Outdoor workers
• People in poorly insulated homes
• Those with medical conditions such as diabetes or circulatory issues
• Winter sport enthusiasts
• Infants under one year old
• Seniors aged 65 and older

 How to Prepare for Extreme Cold Events

Emergency Kits and Plans:

• Prepare an emergency kit with items such as food, water, flashlights, batteries, blankets, and a first-aid kit.
• Create a household emergency plan that considers the needs of all members, including children, older adults, and pets.

Clothing:

• Wear insulated jackets, waterproof boots, warm socks, gloves or mittens, a toque, and a scarf. Dressing in layers helps trap heat.

Home Preparation:

• Ensure your heating system is in good working order and seal any drafts to retain heat.
• Install certified carbon monoxide alarms with battery backup near sleeping areas.
• Consider a backup heat source, such as a generator or a non-electric fireplace.

Vehicle Preparation:

• Keep a car emergency kit with blankets, jumper cables, and winter supplies.
• Maintain a full gas tank and use winter tires for safer driving.

During an Extreme Cold Event

• Take shelter immediately if you experience numb extremities or other signs of exposure.
• Delay travel or outdoor activities until conditions improve.
• Never use fuel-burning devices indoors, such as BBQs or generators, to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning. Operate generators at least 20 feet from your home, directing exhaust away from windows and doors.
• Run a trickle of water to prevent pipes from freezing.

After an Extreme Cold Event

• Check for signs of cold-related illnesses, as symptoms can appear weeks later.
• Ensure vulnerable neighbors, such as older adults, have sufficient supplies and are warm enough.

COLD WEATHER INJURIES

Cold injuries, such as frostbite and hypothermia, can be dangerous or life-threatening. Extremities like the ears, nose, fingers, and toes lose heat the quickest, making them vulnerable to frostnip or frostbite. In extreme cold or prolonged exposure, the body’s core temperature can drop, leading to hypothermia.

While anyone who isn't dressed warmly is at risk in cold weather conditions, some are at greater risk than others for frostbite and hypothermia:

• homeless people
• outdoor workers
• people living in homes that are poorly insulated (with no heat or no power)
• people with certain medical conditions such as diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, and diseases affecting the blood vessels
• people taking certain medications including beta-blockers
• winter sport enthusiasts
• infants (under 1 year)
• seniors (65 years or older)

This winter watch for signs of Cold Injuries

Hypothermia occurs when the body’s temperature drops below 37ºC, causing shivering, confusion, and difficulty moving. If untreated, it can lead to unconsciousness or cardiac arrest. Seek immediate medical help, warm the person gradually, and remove wet clothing.

Frostnip is a mild form of frostbite where only the skin freezes, causing pain, tingling, and a white or yellowish appearance. Warm the area gradually with body heat or warm water, but avoid rubbing or applying direct heat.

Frostbite involves freezing of both the skin and underlying tissues, resulting in numbness, white waxy skin, and hardening. It requires medical attention, and the affected area should be warmed gradually using body heat or warm water, avoiding direct heat. Do not rub the area, as this can cause further damage.

 

 

Protecting your house during extreme cold

Extreme cold temperatures in Annapolis County can pose significant risks to your home, particularly your plumbing. Frozen pipes are not just an inconvenience—they can lead to costly repairs if they burst. Taking steps to prevent pipes from freezing and knowing what to do if they do freeze can save you time, money, and stress.

Why Frozen Pipes Are a Problem

When water freezes, it expands. This expansion creates tremendous pressure that can cause pipes—whether metal or plastic—to crack or burst. Pipes in unheated or poorly insulated areas, such as basements, garages, attics, and exterior walls, are especially vulnerable during cold snaps.

 

How to Prevent Pipes from Freezing

Before freezing temperatures arrive, take these steps to protect your pipes:

• Insulate Vulnerable Areas: Add insulation to attics, crawl spaces, basements, and any areas where water supply lines are exposed. Use pipe sleeves or UL-listed heat cables for additional protection. Even a layer of newspaper can provide some insulation.
• Drain Outdoor Water Lines: Remove, drain, and store garden hoses. Drain and shut off water supply lines for sprinklers and pools, following manufacturer instructions. Leave outdoor faucets slightly open to allow any remaining water to expand safely.
• Seal Gaps and Cracks: Close off drafts around windows, doors, and exterior walls to keep indoor areas warmer.

During freezing weather:

• Keep Garage Doors Closed: This is especially important if water supply lines run through the garage.
• Open Cabinet Doors: Allow warm air to circulate around plumbing under sinks, particularly those on exterior walls. Move any harmful chemicals out of children’s reach.
• Run a Trickle of Water: Letting water flow through faucets can help prevent freezing. Even a small trickle can reduce pressure and prevent ice from forming.
• Maintain a Consistent Temperature: Keep your thermostat set to the same temperature day and night. If you’re leaving home, set the heat no lower than 15°C (59°F).

What to Do If Your Pipes Freeze:

If you suspect a pipe has frozen, act quickly to minimize damage:

• Turn On the Faucet: Even a slow trickle can help melt ice in the pipe.
• Apply Heat: Use an electric heating pad, hair dryer, or portable space heater to warm the frozen section. Avoid open flames, as they can cause fires or damage pipes.
• Check Other Faucets: If one pipe has frozen, others may have as well.
• Call a Professional: If you can’t locate or thaw the frozen pipe, contact a licensed plumber.

Long-Term Solutions for Extreme Cold

To reduce the risk of frozen pipes in the future, consider:

• Insulating your home’s vulnerable areas.
• Sealing drafts and air leaks.
• Relocating exposed pipes to warmer areas of the home.

Taking proactive steps now can help you avoid the stress and expense of frozen or burst pipes during Annapolis County’s cold winter months. Stay prepared, protect your home, and enjoy peace of mind this winter.

Keep Your Pets Safe and Warm This Winter

Winter weather can be tough on our furry friends. As temperatures drop, it’s important to take extra precautions to keep your pets safe and comfortable. Here are some simple tips to ensure your pets stay warm this winter:

Limit Outdoor Time

Cold weather can be dangerous for pets. Limit their time outdoors, especially during extreme cold snaps. If it’s too cold for you, it’s likely too cold for them.

Dress for the Weather

Short-haired pets may benefit from a cozy sweater or coat when going outside. Make sure it fits well and doesn’t restrict movement.

Protect Their Paws

Snow, ice, and salt can irritate your pet’s paws. Wipe their paws clean after walks and consider using pet-safe booties to protect them.

Provide Warm Shelter

If your pet spends time outside, ensure they have a warm, insulated shelter. The shelter should be dry, out of the wind, and stocked with blankets or straw for added warmth.

Watch Out for Frostbite

Keep an eye out for signs of frostbite, such as pale or cold ears, tail tips, or paws. If you suspect frostbite, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Keep Them Hydrated

Even in winter, pets need plenty of fresh water. Check outdoor water bowls often to ensure they haven’t frozen.

Never Leave Pets in the Car

Just as cars can overheat in summer, they can become dangerously cold in winter. Never leave your pet alone in a car during freezing weather.

By following these tips, you can help your pets enjoy a safe and cozy winter season.

Heat Your Home Safely This Winter

Winter weather brings the need to keep your home warm, but safety should always come first. Space heaters, fireplaces, and wood stoves can provide extra warmth, but improper use can lead to serious hazards. Space heaters, in particular, are a leading cause of home heating fires.

To keep your household safe:

• Always place heaters on a flat, stable surface, away from flammable items like curtains or furniture.
• Never leave heating equipment unattended.
• Clean chimneys regularly to prevent blockages or fire risks.Have your chimney cleaned and inspected annually. Use a sturdy screen to catch sparks and prevent embers from escaping.
• Use only space heaters certified by nationally recognized testing labs, and avoid damaged cords or plugs.
• Install and maintain carbon monoxide detectors to guard against dangerous situations.
• Never use ovens, grills, or outdoor heaters to heat your home.

SPACE HEATER SAFETY

Key Facts

• Space heaters cause 32% of home heating fires.
• The winter months have the highest number of home fires compared to any other season.

 

Tips for Safe Space Heater Use

• Position Carefully: Place space heaters on a flat, stable surface, away from high-traffic areas to prevent tipping.
• Plug Directly Into the Wall: Avoid using extension cords, as they can overheat—always plug heaters directly into a wall outlet.
• Turn It Off When Unattended: Never leave a space heater running when you leave the room or go to sleep.
• Check Certifications: Use only space heaters certified by nationally recognized testing laboratories.
• Inspect Before Use: Do not use a space heater with damaged cords or plugs.

General Home Heating Safety Tips

• Keep Combustibles Away: Ensure a minimum of three feet between heat sources and flammable items like curtains, furniture, or clothing.
• Schedule Annual Inspections: Have your heating system inspected yearly to confirm it’s operating safely.
• Clear Vents: Regularly clean vents and keep them free of dust or blockages to improve efficiency and safety.
• Install Carbon Monoxide Detectors: Protect your household from carbon monoxide poisoning by installing alarms throughout your home.